nino mociqulTaswori, IV s.-is pirveli mesamedi
qarTlis gamaqristianebeli, saqarTvelos eklsiis wmindani,
xsenebis dRe 14 ianvari.
IV saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi moxda movlena, romelmac sabolood gansazRvra misi politikuri da kulturuli orientacia _ es iyo qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadeba. am movlenis saTaveebTan qarTuli saistorio tradiciiT, dganan nino mociquli, mirian mefe, nana dedofali da maTi arcTu mravalricxovani mimdevrebi.
vin iyo nino mociquli, rodis da rratom Camovida qarTlSi, rogor iqadaga sarwmunoeba da moaqcia samefo ojaxi, rogori saswaulebi moavlina da a.S., moTxrobilia Zveli qarTuli saeklesio mwerlobis er-erT saukeTeso nimuSSi _ “ninos cxovreba”.
“ninos
cxovrebis” Sesaxeb:
“ninos cxovreba” qarTlis uZveles qronikasTan erTad Sesulia
“moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁSi”. mecnierebisaTvis didxans sakamaTo iyo, iyo Tu
ara “moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ”erTi avtoris ornawiliani Txzuleba Tu sxvadasxva
avtoris mier Sedgenili ori nawarmoebis gaerTianeba. rogorc gairkva,
qarTlis moqcevis anu qarTlis gaqristianebis ciklis Txzulebebs, _ yvelas,
iqneboda es “qarTlis moqcevis matiane”, “asurel mamaTa cxovrebebi” Tu
sakuTriv “ninos cxovreba”, erqva “qarTlis
moqcevis wigni” (gafarToeba). aseTi “wignebi” arsebobda
cal-calkec, sruli krebulis saxiTac (amisi magaliTia sin-50)
da im SedgenilobiT, rogoric aris dRemde cnobili “moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ”.
“moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ” didxans cnobili iyo ori redaqciiT: Satberduli
(X s.), WeliSuri (XIV-XV s.). amaT daemata _ sinas mTis wm. ekaterines
monasterSi axlad mikvleul ori, cnobilTagan yvelaze Zveli redaqcia
sin-48 da N/sin-50
(orTave X saukunis xelnawerebia).
“ninos cxovrebis” cnobebs qarTlSi ninos mociqulebrivi moRvaweobis Sesaxeb pirdapir Tu iribad adastureben berZnuli da somxuri wyaroebi. yvelaze adreul wyarod miCneulia gelasi kesarielis “saeklesio istoria” (IV s. dasasr.), saidanac usargebliaT V saukunis sxva bizantiel atorebs: rufinuss (laTinur enaze), Teodorite kvirels, sokrates, sozomenes, gelasi kvizikels. gelasi kesarielis teqstidan am avtorebTan meordeba ramdenime motivi, romlebic aaxlovebs maT qarTul wyarosTan: esenia iberiaSi tyve qristiani qalis moxvedra, rwmenis ZaliT adamianebis kurneba, dedoflis morCena da misi moqceva, mzis dabneleba (burusi) mefis nadirobis dros, mefis moqceva, eklesiis mSenebloba da svetis saswauli, konstantine imperatorTan iberTa elCoba. Tavad gelasi kesarielis TxzulebaSi miTiTebuli yofila am gadmocemebis zepiri wyaro _ es aris iberTa ufliswuli bakuri. qarTvelTa gaqristianebis ambavi msgavsi motivebiT daculia somexi avtoris movses xorenacis (V an VII s.) TxzulebaSic.
moqcevidan ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi ninos saxeli CrdilSi yofila moqceuli. magaliTad, VII saukunis dasawyisSi momxdari somex-qarTvelTa sarwmunoebriv sakiTxebze kirion qarTlis kaTalikosis abram somexTa kaTalikosTan kamaTis dros qarTlis ganmanaTleblad somexTa ganmanaTlebeli, grigol parTelia moxseniebuli, xolo nino mociquli naxsenebic ar aris. TviT “moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ”, romelSic ninos cxovrebaa Sesuli, didxans yofila qarTvel mweralTa Tvalsawieris miRma darCenili. am movlenam ubiZga Tavis droze k. kekeliZes da iv. javaxiSvils “moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ” “ninos cxovrebiTurT” miCniaT saerTod IX saukuneSi SeTxzul Zeglad, im dros, rodesac aRmosavleTis saqristianoSi qalaqedonituri da antiqalkedonituri moZRvrebebis dapirispirebam mZafri xasiaTi miiRo. am dros gaZlierda CvenSic eklesiis “nacionalizaciis” procesi, ramac gamoiwvia erovnuli ganmanaTleblis gamogoneba (k. kekeliZe). arsebobs sxvagvari axsnac: qarTul-somxuri sarwmunoebrivi erTobis porobebSi (V-VI ss.) qarTuli eklesia kulturulad Zlier iyo damokidebuli somxur eklesiaze, romelic nergavda grigol ganmanaTleblis kults; amasTan saqarTveloSi qristianobis gavrcelebis pirvel saukuneebSi qarTvelebs arc Tu eamayebodaT tyve-qalis mociquloba (m. TarxniSvili). arsebobs azri, rom grigolis kulti samxreT saqarTvelos saeklesio wreebSi marTlac SeiZleboda arsebuliyo gaqarTvelebuli qalkedoniti somxuri mosaxleobis zegavleniT (z. aleqsiZe).
kvlevis Tanamedrove etapze ninos mociquleobrivi moRvaweobis Sesaxeb arsebuli qarTuli da ucxouri wyaroebis Sejerebam, TviT “ninos cxovrebis” redaqciuli raobis, Sinaarsobrivi plastebis da struqturuli Taviseburebebis kvlevam saerTod moxsna sakiTxi Zeglis IX saukuneSi Seqmnis Sesaxeb. mkvlevarTa nawili mis zogierT plasts movlenis Tanadroulad (r. siraZe, m. CxartiSvili) miiCnevs, teqstis saboloo Camoyalibebis procesi ki VII saukuneSi unda dasrulebuliyo. arsebobs mosazreba, rom saqarTveloSi ninos kulti misi gardacvalebis umal Caisaxa, magram radgan V_VI saukeneebSi erovnul wmindanTaA kalendaruli sistema jer Camoyalibebuli ar iyo _ maTi moxsenieba liturgikul praqtikaSi ar xdeboda da, amdenad, erovnul wmindanTa kultis gavrcelebis meqanizmic ar arsebobda (l. grigolaSvili).
IX-X saukuneebi marTlac mniSvnelovani etapia qarTuli saeklesio mwerlobis istoriaSi. am periodidan, erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi aRmavlobis Tanadroulad iRviZebs sakuTari istoriisadmi, rogorc erovnuli identobis ganmsazRvreli faqtorisadmi gansakuTrebuli interesi. am procesTan Cans dakavSirebuli “ninos cxovrebis” moZieba da liturgikaSi ninos kultis Tayvaniscemis damkvidreba. Satberduli redaqciis minaweris cnoba: “wigni qarTlis moqcevisai, romliTac RmerTman naTeli gamoabrwyinva, viTarca talanti, winamZRuarTagan dafaruli, Semdgomad mravalTa JamTa da welTa vpoveTo”, _ erTi mxriv, am didi procesis gamoZaxilia, meore mxriv, “ninos cxovrebis” siZvelis mimaniSnebeli utyuari mowmoba. ninos ixseniebs X saukunis moRvawe ioane-zosime Tavis cnobil himnSi “qebaÁ da didebaÁ qarTulisa enisaÁ”, ninos ikonografiuli gamosaxulebaa oSkis taZris svetis reliefzec.
“ninos cxovrebam” didi zegavlena moaxdina Semdegdroindel qarTul mwerlobaze _ ninos cxovrebis nawilobriv gadamuSavebuli versia Setanilia leonti mrovelis “mefeTa cxovrebaSi”, XII-XIII saukuneebSi SeuqmniaT e.w. metafrasuli da perifrazuli redaqciebi. “ninos cxovreba” safuZvlad daedo nikoloz gulaberisZis “sveticxovlis sakiTxavs” da sxvadasxva avtoris maRalpoetur sagaloblebs.
ninos Tavgadasavali “ninos cxovrebis” mixedviT: wminda nino yofila asuli warCinebuli mSoblebisa, romlebic cxovrobdnen kapadokiis qalaq kolastaSi. mis mamas, romis mxedarTmTavar zabilons daumorCilebia ajanyebuli branjebi (frankebi) da mouqcevia qristianobaze. Semdeg zabiloni wasula ierusalimSi, sadac colad SeurTavs ierusalimis patriarqis iubenalis da susana da aqedan mSobliur qalaq kolastaSi dabrunebula. aq iSva nino.
rodesac nino 12 wlisa gaxda, mSoblebma gadawyvites darCenili cxovreba RmerTisTvis mieZRvnaT. maT gayides mTeli qoneba, wavidnen ierusalimSi da mTeli monagebi glaxakebs daurigres. nino ki aRsazrdelad patriarq iubenals miabares. aq, ierusalimSi, Seityobs nino, rom qristes kvarTi inaxeba “Crdilos” qveyanaSi (ase ixsenieba qarTli “moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁSi”), sadac, pariarqis davalebiT, midis nino qristianobis saqadageblad. qarTlis gzaze nino qristian ltolvilebs daukavSirda da maTTan erTad Tan erTad somxeTSi Cavida. aq ninos Tanamgzavrebi sikvdiliT dasajes. saswaulebrivad gadarCenilma ninom martom CaaaRwia javaxeTSi. aq, faravnis tbis napiras MmZinares eCvena kaci, romelmac misca “wigni dabeWduli” da uTxra; “aRdeg da miarTu ese mcxeTas, mefesa warmarTTasa”. rodesac wigni gaxsna, aRmoaCina, rom berZnulad dawerili iyo “aTi sityva”, dabeWdili TviT iesus mier. javaxeTidan nino Cadis jer urbnisSi, sadac erT Tves Cerdeba adgilobriv ebraelebTan “enisaTvis ebraelebrisa”. erT dRes qalaqis “erni” mcxeTaSi wavidnen da nino maT gahyveba. aq igi daeswreba mcxeTaSi armazis Tayvansacemad gamarTul warmarTul rituals da ilocebs “cTomilebaSi” Cavardnili “Crdilo” qveynis xsnisaTvis. ninos locvas mohyveba kerpebis msxvreva. kerpis namsxvrevebidan ninom amoarCia “bivrilis” Tvali da wavida “sada Zveli qalaqi yofil iyo”. aq mayvlis buCqTan jvris niSi dadga da sadgomi moiwyo.
aqidan iwyeba ninos nacnoboba sefe-qal SroSanTan, mefis samoTxis mcvelis ojaxTan, mcxeTel ebrael abiaTarTan da mis asul sidoniasTan. kurnebis ZaliT tyve-qalis TandaTanobiT mTel mcxeTaSi gaiTqva saxeli. ninos saswaulebrivi ZaliT samoTxis mcvelis ojaxs Svili SeeZina, ganikurna nana dedoflis biZa _ “mogvi mTavari sparsi”, Semdeg TviT dedofali nanac, romelic amis Semdeg qristianobaze miiqca. nino cdilobda mirianis moqcevasac, magram mefe didxans “ver cvala” mamapauri rjulisagan.
Txzulebis centraluri epizodia mzis dabneleba mirianis nadirobis dros, rasac mohyva mirianis mier “ninos RmerTis” Zalis aRiareba. mefis “moqcevis” Semdeg iwyeba qveynis moqceva. meore dResve mirianma konstantine mefesTan (imperatori konstantine didi, 324-337). saberZneTSi mociqulebi gagzavna. amis Semdeg moTxrobilia samefo baRSi mcxeTis pirveli eklesiis mSeneblobis ambavi, romelSic CarTulia sveticxovlis saswauli. male saberZneTidan Camodis samRvdeloeba, romelic naTlavs samefo ojaxs, mTavrebs da mcxeTis ers. amis Semdeg nino midis mTielTa mosaqcevad (mefem Tan gaayola erisTavi, romelmac gaurCebul mTielebs “warmarTa maxvili maT zeda”). Txzulebis bolo monakveTSi, romelsac pirobiTad mirianis anderZi ewodeba, moTxrobilia ninos cxovrebis bolo epizodebi. aq naTqvamia, garda samefo baRSi agebuli pirveli eklesiisa (quemo eklesia), mcxeTaSi mirians meore eklesiac auSenebia ninos “mayvlovanTan” (“zemo eklesia”) Tavis samarxad. aqvea naTqvami, rom mesame eklesia mefes auSenebia kaxeTSi, bods, dabasa kaxeTisasa, sadac nino gardaicvala.
SeniSvnebi:
“qarTlis moqcevis wignis” Sesaxeb, vrclad ix. zaza aleqsiZe, “wm. ninos cxovrebaTa” uZvelesi versiebi, maTi Tavdapirveli saxelwodeba da struqtura, kr. wminda nino, Tbilisi, 2008;
qarTlis moqcevis berZnuli da somxuri wyaroebisaTvis ix. georgika (bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos sesaxeb), teqstebi qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosces da ganmartebebi daurTes al.gamyreliZem da s. yauxCiSvilma, Tbilisi, 1961. agreTve: movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, Zveli somxuridan Targmna, Sesavali da SeniSvnebi daurTo a. abdalaZem, Tbilisi, 1984.
tyve-qalis mociquloba _ mociqulad qalis warmoCena rom gansjis sagani yofila da mas SesaZloa, qarTvelTa mtrebi damakninebel garemoebad miiCnevdnen, nikoloz gulaberisZis sityvebidanac Cans: “daiyavn piri borotad da amaod damkninebeli qadagebisa da moqcevisa CuenisaTvis bunebisa mier dedobrivisa. (sabinini, gv. 205). qristianobam waSala socialuri zRvari qalsa mamakacs Soris (pavle mociquli: “arca mamakacebai, arca dedakacebai, aramed Tquen, yovelni, erT xarT” (galatelTa, 3.28), magram mraval adgilobriv tradiciaSi es zRvari axal dromde arsebobda.
kapadokia _ provinciis saxelwodeba wina aziaSi, sadac mravali mecnieris dakvirvebiT, qarTveluri tomebi cxovrobdnen. aqameniduri iranis dros gaiyofili iyo or satrapiad _ 1.Sida, sadac mesxuri mosaxleoba cxovrobda; 2. pontos kapadokia (straboniT), sadac xalibebi, tibarenebi, mosinikebi, lazur-Wanuri tomebi cxovrobdnen (n. xazaraZe, saqarTvelos Zveli istoriis eTno-politikuri problemebi, Tb. 1984). mogvianebiT saxelwodeba kapadokia mxolod aRmosavleT nawils SemorCa (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, Tbilisi, Tbilisi, 1954; Y. Kjvjehb, Bcnhbz Gjynbqcrjuj wfhcndf, N,bkbcb, 1979). kapadokia mravali Zveli avtorisaTvis eTnikuri terminia, romelSic mesxs gulisxmobdnen (e. xinTibiZe, qarTul-bizantiuri literatuuli urTierTobis istoriisaTvis, Tbilisi, 1982). ninos kapadokieloba zogierT avtors misi qarTuli warmomavlobis mtkicebulebad miaCnia. radgan qarTlSi mosvlisas ninom qarTuli ar icoda, imaze unda metyvelebdes, rom is pontos kapadokiidan unda yofiliyo (v. goilaZe, qarTuli eklesiis saTaveebTan, Tbilisi, 1991). am mxarem VI saukuneSi armenizacia ganicada.
iubenali –am saxelwodebis ierusalimis patriarqi cobilia V saukunis 420/422-458 wlebSi.
“wigni dabeWduli” _ “cxovrebaSi” ninos Rvawlis Txrobisas pirdapir an miniSnebiT gamoyenebulia bibliuri paradigmebi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom avtoris ZiriTadi mxatvruli meTodi paradigmatuli azrovnebis nayofia. erT-erTi paradigmaa ninosaTvis “kaci erTis” gamocxadeba, romelmac mas “wigni dabeWduli” gadasca. es wignia aTi sityua, “viTarca pirvel ficarTa qvisaTa”. am sakiTxze ix. l. patariZe, cxovrebai wmidisa ninoisi, Tbilisi, 1993; l. wereTeli, “wigni dabeWduli” “wminda ninos cxovrebaSi”, kr. “wminda nino”, Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 473-481.
n. gonjilaSvili, wminda ninos cxovrebis paradigmuli saxeebi, Tbilisi, 2006.
armazis Sesaxeb: Y. Vfhh, <jub zpsxtcrjq Uhepbb, Ntrcns b hfpscrfybz gj fhvzyj-uhepbycrjq abkjkjubb, Cg,, 1901. qarTuli Semoklebuli Targmani ix.: warmarTuli saqarTvelos RmerTebi Zveli qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, kr. “wminda nino”, Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 77-90. i.surgulaZe, armazis warmomavlobisa da armazuli miTosis sakiTxisaTvis, ena da kultura, Tbilisi, #3, 2002.
bivrili- bivrilis simbolur mniSvnelobaze ix. r. siraZe, wm. nino da deda-ufali, mnaTobi, #2, 1985. n. gonjilaSvili, “wminda ninos cxovrebis” erTi paradigmuli saxe (bivrit-bivrilis Tvali-patiosani), kr. “wminda nino”, Tbilisi, 2008, gv.169-182.
tyve _ “ninos cxovreba” da berZnul-bizantiuri wyaroebi wminda ninos uwodeben tyve-qals. tyue da tyueTa mxsneli, tyue igi – dedofali”. arsebobs mosazreba, rom rom “tyve” devnil qristians gamoxatavs. vrclad ix. l. patariZe, cxorebaÁ wmidisa ninoÁsi, Tbilisi, 1993.
mcxeTis pirveli eklesia – eklesiis pirvandeli saxelwodeba, solomonis taZris analogiiT, yofila “wmidai wmidaTai”, ix. T. mgalobliSvili, klarjuli mravalTavi, Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 179-182.
sveticxovlis saswauli _ n. mari ninos cxovrebis Tqmulebas uflis kvarTisa da naTlis svetis saswaulis Sesaxeb akavSirebs Zvel samyaroSi popularul qristianul da iranul legendebTan xedavs. Y. Vfhh, <jub zpsxtcrjq Uhepbb, Ntrcns b hfpscrfybz gj fhvzyj-uhepbycrjq abkjkjubb, Cg,, 1901. qarTuli Semoklebuli Targmani ix. warmarTuli saqarTvelos RmerTebi Zveli qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, kr. “wminda nino”, Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 77-90. qarTul miTosur samyarosTan am epizodis kavsiris Sesaxeb ix. r. siraZe, “wminda ninos cxovreba”da dasawyisi qarTuli agiografiisa, Tbilisi, 1997; agreTve m. surgulaZe, socialuri mexsierebis faqtebi “ninos cxovrebaSi”, kr. “wminda nino”, Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 321-329.
mayvlovani – am saxeSi Srwymulia Zveli aRTqmis (moses mayvlovani) da axali aRTqmis (RTismSobeli – “mayuali Seuwveli”) simboloebi. vrclad ix. q. bezaraSvili, masalebi saqarTvelos RvTismSoblisadmi wilxvdomilobis ideisaTvis qarTul mwerlobaSi, Zveli qarTuli literaturis problemebi (eZRvneba professor levan menabdis dabadebidan 75-e wlistavs), Tbilisi, 2002, gv.124-145.
wyaroebi da samecniero literatura:
sami istoriuli qronika, gamosca eqvTime TayaiSvilma, Tfilisi, 1890.
moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ, Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, I, Tbilisi, 1963.
moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ, axladaRmoCenili sinuri redaqciebi, gamosca da winasityvaoba daurTo z. aleqsiZem, Tbilisi, 2007.
Teodorite kvireli, iberTa moqceva, teqstebi qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosces da ganmartebebi daurTes al. gamyreliZem da s. yauxCiSvilma, Tbilisi, 1961.
ermia sozomene, georgika, teqstebi qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosces da ganmartebebi daurTes al. gamyreliZem da s. yauxCiSvilma, Tbilisi, 1961.
korneli kekeliZe, “moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs” Sesaxeb, qarTuli literaturis istoria, I, Tbilisi, 1960.
korneli kekeliZe, “moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs”Sedgeniloba, wyaroebi da erovnuli tendenciebi, etiudebi, I, Tbilisi, 1956.
mixeil TarxniSvili, wminda ninos legenda da qarTuli erovnuli Segnebis istoria, qarTuli eklesiis istoria, I, 1994.
ivane javaxiSvili, qarTvelTa gaqristianeba da bakur mefe, qarTveli eris istoria, Txzulebani 12 tomad, I, Tbilisi, 1979, gv. 216-274.
Zveli qarTuli saistorio mwerloba, Txzulebani, VIII, Tbilisi, 1977.
m. CxartiSvili, qarTuli hagiografiis wyaroTmcodneobiTi Seswavlis problemebi, Tbilisi, 1987.
revaz siraZe, “wminda ninos cxovreba”da dasawyisi qarTuli agiografiisa, Tbilisi, 1997. agreTve kr. kr. wminda nino, Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 237-311.
l. patariZe, cxovrebai wmidisa ninoisi, Tbilisi, 1993.
vaxtang goilaZe, moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs “qronikisa” da “mefeTA cxovrebis” urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi, “mirianis qronika”, kr. wminda nino, Tbilisi, 2008;
wminda nino, samecniero krebuli, I, Tbilisi, 2008.
l. janaSia, qarTli IV s. pirvel naxevarSi. qristianobis gamocxadeba saxelmwifo sarwmunoebad, saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, II, Tbilisi, 1973, gv.57-89.
l. grigolaSvili, “yovelTa guaswave galobaÁ” (qarTveli himnografebi wm ninos Rvawlis Sesaxeb), kr. wminda nino, Tbilisi, 2008;
gv.183-195.
მოამზადა მზია სურგულაძემ
წმ. ნინო მოციქულთასწორი
XIX ს.–ის მხატვრობა